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Bootherium bombifrons
''Bootherium'' is an extinct bovid genus from the middle to late Pleistocene of North America which contains a single species, ''Bootherium bombifrons''.〔McKenna & Bell, 1997, p. 442.〕 Vernacular names for ''Bootherium'' include Harlan's muskox, woodland muskox,〔(The Academy of Natural Sciences )〕 helmeted muskox〔(Helmeted Muskox (''Bootherium bombifrons'') from Near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta: Dating Evidence for Redeposition in Late Pleistocene Alluvium )〕 or, bonnet-headed muskox〔(War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark’s West )〕
''Bootherium'' was one of the most widely distributed musk ox species in North America during the Pleistocene era. Fossils have been documented from Alaska to California and Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma and New Jersey. The species became extinct approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.〔
The closest relative of ''Bootherium'' is the extant muskox ''Ovibos mochatus''. However, unlike the tundra muskox, ''Bootherium'' was physically adapted to a range of less frigid climates and appears to have been the only ox to have evolved in and remain restricted to the North American continent.〔 ''Bootherium'' was significantly taller and leaner than muskoxen found today in Arctic regions. ''Bootherium'' were estimated to weigh around .〔(Database: Bootherium bombifrons )〕 Other differences were a thicker skull and considerably longer snout. The horns of ''Bootherium'' were situated high on the skull, with a downward curve and were fused along the midline of the skull, unlike tundra muskoxen whose horns are separated by a medial groove. An almost complete mummified specimen was found in 1940.
Three other species of musk oxen co-inhabited North America during the Pleistocene era. Besides the surviving tundra muskox, the extinct shrub-ox (''Euceratherium collinum'') and Soergel's ox (''Soergelia mayfieldi'') were also present.
==Notes==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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